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Not only can Vicks VapoRub reduce symptoms from a bad cough, it can help treat athletes foot. While there are various remedies for athlete's foot, there will be a method that works best . 2014;17(3):150-154. Another study found that tea tree oil was more effective at killing fungi than several other antifungal agents that were tested. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Allow your shoes to dry completely before wearing them. Wear shoes and/or socks that are too tight (occlusive) and have limited airflow. These cookies allow us to improve the sites functionality by tracking usage on this website. If youre experiencing symptoms of a toenail [], Early Stage Toenail Fungus: What to Look For and How to Treat It, Knowing the first signs of a fungal nail infection (also called onychomycosis) can help you to identify the infection in its early stages. Many people may even feel embarrassed by it. Also clean and sanitize showers, shoes, or other surfaces that bare feet touch to prevent reinfection. Nike asks you to accept cookies for performance, social media and advertising purposes. These can come as powders, sprays, ointments, and lotions. To get more information about these cookies and the processing of your personal data, check our, You can always change your preference by visiting the "Cookie Settings" at the bottom of the page. Vinegar is also effective at slowing down fungal growth in shoes. Pitted keratolysis is a bacterial infection that affects the skin on your feet. Check your symptoms, explore conditions and treatments, and if needed, text with a healthcare provider in minutes. Athletes foot can happen to anyone and occurs when your foot comes into contact with a fungus that grows in a moist environment. However, using them correctly is important as they can do more harm than good if misused. Rinse feet with warm water and pat dry. Various treatment options are available for athletes foot, including prescription medications and home remedies. Antibiotics could include: Antiseptics like benzoyl peroxide gel or cream can help clear the infection from your feet. Use Hydrogen Peroxide for Cleaning OTC antifungal medications for athletes foot work similarly and include: Hydrogen peroxide can effectively treat fungal infections like athletes foot. 4. Alternatively, tea tree oil creams and salves may be available at health food stores. Dermatology for the practicing allergist: Tinea pedis and its complications. Garlic: A review of potential therapeutic effects. The most effective way to use this treatment may be to dissolve a cup of sea salt into a warm foot bath. Here's how to use 35% Food Grade Hydrogen Peroxide to heal athlete's foot: Dilute 35% Food Grade Hydrogen Peroxide in a ratio of 1 and 1/4 cups hydrogen peroxide to 14 and 3/4 cups water to make 1 gallon. It can also disinfect surfaces contaminated by fungi, bacteria, and other infectious substances.. Hydrogen peroxide can be poured directly onto the affected area, but needs to be used cautiously and in small amounts to avoid irritating the area. We avoid using tertiary references. You can also use an antibacterial spray on the inside of your shoe, which will also help to prevent fungal growth. Dont let your sneakers track viruses and bacteria into your home. Home remedies, used correctly, can be very effective at curing athletes foot. Medical treatments are available, but home remedies such as tea tree oil, garlic, and baking soda may also help. To use, clean and thoroughly dry feet. For best results, apply daily for up to a month. We break down the different CBD sources and how to find the right gummies for you. Make a baking soda foot soak by adding a half cup of baking soda to a large bucket of warm water. In combination with salt, essential oils are even more effective. Pits or tiny indentations in the patch of skin that look like small holes. Satchell, A. C., Saurajen, A., Bell, C., & Barnetson, R. StC. Crush 4-5 garlic cloves and apply the paste directly to the affected area two times per day until the infection clears. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. It can spread from person to person and thrives in damp, warm areas. Fortunately, this common problem can usually be cured without complications. Its important not to apply pure tea tree oil directly to skin as that can cause burning and inflammation. Although they can be uncomfortable, calluses are rarely. Create a solution with one part bleach and five parts water. 35% Food Grade Hydrogen Peroxide has an incredible number of healthful uses in the body and around the home! The time it takes to cure athlete's foot will vary depending on how severe it is. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The best material to improve airflow to your feet through your socks is cotton. Well explain the possible causes and. I don't scratch so that's a plus. 3. For more information about this processing of personal data, check our. Last medically reviewed on July 30, 2019, Athletes foot, or tinea pedis, is a contagious fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. Sea salt has strong antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it a great natural treatment for athletes foot and any complications it could cause. and why we believe these to be the most full spectrum sustainable products available! Bleach is a powerful disinfectant, but it will ruin your colorful sneakers. Satchell AC, et al. Foot infections can quickly become serious in those cases. You can add a tablespoon or two to your hydrogen peroxide foot soak or spray ( 6 ). Athletes foot spreads when a person comes into contact with certain fungi. Anyone can get athletes foot, and the following are common sources of transmission: You may be more likely to develop athletes foot if you: Athletes foot causes some common symptoms: Athletes foot can develop into a recurring infection if you do not address the source of it and clean surfaces to ensure that you do not reinfect yourself. We avoid using tertiary references. It can affect any area of the skin but mostly happens between the toes. The iodine in the table salt will boost the antimicrobial effects of the hydrogen peroxide. Athlete's foot can be a frustrating and annoying problem. Update your location? Repeat daily or as often as possible until the fungus clears up. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The infection is contagious, and roughly 1 in every 5 adults will have athlete's foot at some point in their lives. Within the group of dermatophytes are specific fungi that lead to the condition, including: These fungi tend to grow on the skin, hair, nails, feathers of animals, and mucous membranes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3716994/, Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study. This condition is contagious and can spread to the, Athletes foot, aka tinea pedis, is a fungal skin infection that typically starts between the toes. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you notice an odor, along with tiny indentations in the skin on the bottom of your foot, visit your healthcare provider. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Stop using it immediately if you develop redness, pain, burning, or irritation. Baking soda also reduces the activity of fungal spores and can help eliminate odors. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. Ledezma E, et al. Do not share towels, shoes, socks, or other items that touch the feet. Gupta, K. Topical treatments for athlete's foot. Some prescriptions available for the treatment of athletes foot include: Topical medications should be applied twice daily until the infection has cleared. You can make a vinegar foot soak by combining 1 part vinegar and 2 parts warm water in a bucket. Application. Scientists use genetic rewiring to increase lifespan of cells, Beyond amyloid and tau: New targets in developing dementia treatments, Napping longer than 30 minutes linked to higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure, Everything you need to know about athlete's foot. Superficial Cutaneous Infections and Pyodermas. Let it sit for 10 minutes, then rinse to disinfect. Wash your hands immediately if you do touch the infected area. Blisters generally occur on the sole or instep of the foot. But there are steps you can take to prevent it. When that happens, the infection will only worsen over time. Create a solution with three parts rubbing alcohol and one part water. Niehaus S. (2017). Although itchy feet arent usually a, You can contract ringworm on almost any part of your body, including your feet. Let it dry on its own. However, it is incredibly common and easy to contract. To make a foot soak, mix about a half cup of baking soda in a large bucket or basin of warm water. (2013). A study in Mycopathologia found that sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, does have antifungal abilities when used on the skin. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Some strategies to avoid contracting the fungus that causes athletes foot include: There are several reasons you may want to visit a doctor if you have blisters associated with athletes foot, including if: Your doctor can examine your blisters as well as other symptoms to diagnose and treat your condition. Co-operative inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide and iodine against bacterial and yeast species. and we offer the most sustainable products you can buy online! (2019). Since home treatments aren't as other products and . If you find that one method works better for you than another, stick with that. Keep nails clipped short. Be careful not to inhale talcum powder. In some cases these cookies improve the speed with which we can process your request, allow us to remember site preferences youve selected. 2. As soon as youre done working out, clean your feet and put on a fresh pair of socks. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Foot odor, or bromodosis, can cause discomfort and embarrassment, but there are a variety of simple and effective ways to resolve this issue. Your skin pits or forms small indentations because the bacteria (protease enzyme) destroys layers of your skin cells that continuously shed dead skin cells (stratum corneum or the horny layer). Place your cleaned feet in the solution and let them soak for about 25-20 minutes. Because athletes foot is contagious, make sure you avoid scratching or touching the area except when treating the affected area. In some cases, people may also experience ulcers or blisters, which can be very painful. Mix 1/8 cup of hydrogen peroxide (or several capfuls) to four cups of cool water and soak feet for 10 to 20 minutes. Never walk barefoot in public places. If it worsens or doesn't clear up after four weeks, contact your healthcare provider for stronger medication. Brighten your white linens. Soak feet for 15 to 20 minutes, twice a day. Mix well and let the solution combine and settle. Change your socks regularly. If you have an athletes foot infection, there are many treatments you can try that will help you get rid of it and restore your foot health. Athletes foot, medically known as tinea pedis, is a contagious infection caused by fungus. If you have athletes foot (or even if you just want to prevent it), keep your feet as dry and clean as possible. https://medlineplus.gov/athletesfoot.html, Co-operative inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide and iodine against bacterial and yeast species. In orderto use it for an athletes foot, mix it a small amount of the tea tree oil with a carrier oil such as coconut oil. As the infection spreads, it can lead to other symptoms such as thick skin patches and blisters. Fill a large bowl or clean sink with water and add one-fourth cup of peroxide. It causes a scaly, itchy rash that may have painful or burning sensations. Thoroughly dry the feet, especially between toes, before wearing socks or shoes. Fungus: Anti-fungal medicine would work the best. Use a Listerine foot soak every day until . Crush three to four garlic cloves and stir them into a basin of warm water. K Healths AI-powered app is HIPAA compliant and is based on 20 years of clinical data. You may need prescription antifungals (either oral or topical) to get rid of the infection. Is Athletes Foot Contagious and How Can You Prevent It? People should not use undiluted tea tree oil on their skin. In more severe and prolonged cases, can also infect toenails. Read our, Over-the-Counter Antifungals for Athlete's Foot, The Best Athlete's Foot Treatments of 2023, How to Treat Different Types of Athletes Foot. Athletes foot responds well to home treatments like tea tree oil, neem oil, and hydrogen peroxide. The Garden of Eden in Arlington, TX exists to showcase the potential of a free, sustainable, responsible, empowered existence. Here are 10 home remedies for toenail fungus to try, many of which, Your feet are prone to being itchy since they tend to be in sweaty situations and in various types of footwear. After you spray or wipe off the sole of your shoe, allow it to stay wet with the product for about three to five minutes or follow the instructions on the label. If home remedies do not work or the problem has been going on for more than 2 weeks, a doctor or podiatrist may need to help. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. How do I cure my athlete's foot naturally? Antifungal activity of sodium bicarbonate against fungal agents causing superficial infections [Abstract]. Dip the feet directly in the. It could be an underlying condition, such as psoriasis or eczema. While your feet are soaking in a hydrogen peroxide foot bath, also soak your pumice stone and nail brush in 3% hydrogen peroxide. There are a number of over-the-counter (OTC) treatments available for athletes foot. Tea tree oil: Applied directly to the feet, tea tree oil can help relieve athlete's foot symptoms. Place feet in the solution for 45 to 60 minutes at a time. Hydrogen peroxide. We avoid using tertiary references. Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, can have antifungal benefits when applied to the skin. (2022). This condition is contagious and can spread to the, Athlete's foot is a bacterial infection that can sometimes occur with blisters. Treatment includes over-the-counter and prescription antifungals, If your toenails are discolored, thick, or cracking, you may have toenail fungus. Best For: Preventing fungal growth inside shoes. Athletes foot, also known as tinea pedis, is a fungal skin infection that typically starts between the toes. Athletes foot is a common skin condition, but not all cases result in blisters. A note from Cleveland Clinic. Bonus: Cleaning your produce with peroxide could extend its shelf life. Over-the-counter medicines for athletes foot are applied directly to the fungus and often used for up to a week after symptoms resolve to prevent the infection from returning. If you take an antibiotic and dont see an improvement in your symptoms after a week, talk to your healthcare provider. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Sometimes you may even notice blisters and other symptoms elsewhere on your body if the fungus causing your athletes foot triggers an immune reaction. It often spreads in public areas such as swimming pools and public showers. Hyponatremia vs. Hyperglycemia: Whats the Difference? Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Spread the paste evenly on the feet and in between your toes. Neem oil is also good for treating athletes foot that infects the nail beds, but will need to be used for a prolonged period of time for it to be effective. All rights reserved. Athlete's foot is a contagious fungal infection that causes an itchy rash on your feet. Can Athlete's Foot Spread to Other Parts of the Body? Then, depending on the sneaker and the mess, you can use one of the following methods of decontamination. Pitted keratolysis can affect anyone who has feet but its most common among men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB). However, as the fungus spreads, it can cause issues on the soles and sides of the feet and the heels. Baking soda is an item most people have readily available. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. A doctor may prescribe antifungal creams or medicines if the infection does not respond to at-home treatments. D'agostino M, Tesse N, Frippiat JP, Machouart M, Debourgogne A. Molecules. Our expert physicians and surgeons provide a full range of dermatologic, reconstructive and aesthetic treatments options at Cleveland Clinic. . Black tea Soaking feet in plain tea can also be beneficial in treating toenail or foot fungus. All rights reserved. Some treatments are also stronger than others. It may also be an effective way to cure athletes foot. Athlete's foot hydrogen peroxide treatment. Well also go over how to prevent athletes foot, the causes and symptoms, and when to seek medical care. Not everyone that has athletes foot will experience the same healing timeline. It may actually inhibit the growth and spread of athletes foot. The best thing you can do to prevent the infection is to keep your feet nice and dry whenever possible and avoid areas where the likelihood of contracting it is high. Last medically reviewed on January 2, 2020, Athlete's foot is an infection of a fungus that thrives in warm, moist areas, particularly between the toes. Mix 1/4 cup hydrogen peroxide, 1/4 cup baking soda, and 1/4 cup water in a bowl. Youre most at risk if you have sweaty feet and wear shoes that dont offer adequate airflow. Vinegar doesnt kill all viruses, but it does slow down fungal growth. Some evidence for garlic includes: A garlic foot soak using fresh garlic cloves is one way for people to try this remedy at home. Apply Antifungal Cream. Using hydrogen peroxide to clean makeup brushes makes the painful process easier. The treatment you use and how severe the infection is will determine your healing time. Let it dry. Dip a cloth in the mixture and rub the outside of your shoes. If you work in an environment where youre on your feet all day, choose shoes with good ventilation to improve how much air reaches your feet. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Whiten your laundry loads with a 1/2 cup of hydrogen peroxide added in with your regular laundry detergent. They will discuss further treatment options with you. The brown bottle of hydrogen peroxide you find at drugstores has a concentration of 3%. Trichophyton mentagrophytes causes inflammatory athletes foot. Repeat nightly as needed until the condition clears. Are There Any Benefits to Soaking Your Feet in Listerine? Here are 10 home treatments that are known to be effective. Use a 3% solution, as the stronger preparations are less safe and may cause skin reactions. (2017). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470421/, Hygiene-related diseases. Toenail fungus is a common nail infection that can cause your toenails to look and feel different. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Use a soft-bristled brush to work the solution into underarm stains and allow it to sit for at least 30 minutes. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. De-selecting these cookies may result in poorly-tailored recommendations and slow site performance. Then apply talcum powder before wearing socks or shoes to maintain dryness. Home remedies. tb1234. There are a handful of methods you can use to disinfect your sneakers, and some work better on delicate materials than others. Iodine solution is available at most drugstores in the wound care section. We're going to share just one amazing use for 35% Food Grade Hydrogen Peroxide in this post: HEAL ATHLETE'S FOOT! To get more information or amend your preferences, press the more information button or visit "Cookie Settings" at the bottom of the website. Or, in warmer weather, wear open shoes or sandals to increase airflow to the feet. This is especially true if you have signs of a secondary bacterial infection, which can be more dangerous in those with diabetes due to their nerve damage. Stop using it immediately if you develop redness, pain, burning, or irritation. Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide has been shown to kill the fungus that causes the infection if it is applied properly. After you have begun treatment, your case of athletes foot will likely clear up within two to four weeks. 10. See additional information. (2004). When it infects your feet, it's commonly called athlete's foot, Athletes foot is a contagious fungal infection that can spread easily. This article discusses treatment options for athlete's foot. View Privacy & Cookie Policy for full details. Air Jordan 1 Chicago: The Inspiration Behind the Design, How to Remove Creases and Wrinkles From Shoes, Waterproof Running Gear for Rainy Day Runs, The Best Winter Running Gear by Nike to Shop Now, Nike asks you to accept cookies for performance, social media and advertising purposes. If untreated, athletes foot can result in a bacterial infection if skin is broken. Does hydrogen peroxide help athlete's foot? Its called athletes foot because it spreads easily in moist, damp environments like gyms and locker rooms, and is common in athletes. Pour right on the problem area. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. A Listerine foot soak is a type of at-home foot bath. Advertising cookies (of third parties) collect information to help better tailor advertising to your interests, both within and beyond Nike websites. It can also kill bacteria that live on the surface of the skin and can worsen athletes foot or cause additional infections. It can be spread from person to person or from touching surfaces that are contaminated with the fungus. Best For My Feet 778 subscribers Subscribe 35K views 7 months ago #HydrogenPeroxide #BestForMyFeet. Visit your healthcare provider if you experience anxiety related to your phobia, as well as symptoms of pitted keratolysis. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. If fungi do not have an ideal environment to live in, they cannot continue to grow and thrive. A bacterial infection causes pitted keratolysis. 2021;67(1):30. doi:10.46747/cfp.670130. Iodine solution is available at most drugstores in the wound care section. These medications are prescribed by a healthcare provider and should be taken if a person: If at-home treatment isn't working and your infection persists or worsens, contact your healthcare provider for an appointment. Your healthcare provider will offer treatment to make the bacteria that cause pits in your feet go away, which will ease your fear. We think you are in {country}. There are other conditions that may cause blisters, including: Blisters can cause pain, especially if you apply pressure when standing, walking, or running. Visit the emergency room if you have symptoms of an allergic reaction from taking antibiotics, including: If you have a fear of patterns with a lot of holes (trypophobia), a pitted keratolysis diagnosis can be a trigger for your fear. Co-operative inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide and iodine against bacterial and yeast species. 5. Vinegar soaks have not been clinically tested for athletes foot. Rubbing Alcohol Rubbing alcohol has the same germ and fungal killing properties as hydrogen peroxide. In this article, well explore 11 home remedies for athletes foot. Iran J Basic Med Sci. #hydrogenperoxide #healthsupplements #gardenofeden. It's primarily used to treat athlete's foot and onychomycosis (toenail fungus). Alternatively, you can also soak your feet in hydrogen peroxide and water solution. 4. Breathe Easier Learn how we can help. Athletes foot is a fungal infection that affects the feet. While the most notable symptom of athletes foot is a scaly and itchy rash, other symptoms can develop, including: The most common area of the foot affected by athletes foot is the space between the toes. An ultraviolet shoe sanitizer utilizes UVC light to destroy up to 99.9 percent of bacteria on the surface of your shoe. When it infects your feet, it's commonly called athlete's foot, Athletes foot is a contagious fungal infection that can spread easily. Angelica Bottaro is a writer with expertise in many facets of health including chronic disease, Lyme disease, nutrition as medicine, and supplementation. Since it is a popular cleaning agent and disinfectant, a hydrogen peroxide treatment for athlete's foot may sound promising at first. You should also make an appointment to see your doctor if you have athletes foot and diabetes. Learn how to lower your risk, A new study found that longer siestas or naps of 30 minutes or more were more closely tied to increases in indicators of poorer health. (2017, February 6). To treat athletes foot, mix a carrier oil like warm coconut oil with tea tree oil for a concentration of 25 to 50 percent tea tree oil. Rubbing alcohol can also kill the fungus that causes athletes foot. (2017). Food grade means it is safe for ingestion as well as household use. You can use iodized table salt or Himalayan salt. Efficacy of ajoene, an organosulphur derived from garlic, in the short-term therapy of tinea pedis [Abstract]. Choosing socks and shoes that fit your feet and arent too tight. This may be because of its use of eucalyptus oil and menthol, both of which have antifungal properties. These include cookies that allow you to be remembered as you explore the site within a single session or, if you request, from session to session. Athletes foot is also very contagious. One day I will commit to the vinegar/Listerine soaks again. If your sneakers have leather uppers, use rubbing alcohol, which is gentler than other disinfectants but still effective at killing a variety of germs. A recent study found that peroxide combined with iodine killed 16 different fungi. Pits can cluster together to form a sore (lesion) that looks like a crater. Some of these remedies may be readily available at home, while others are available in health food stores. We include products we think are useful for our readers. The most common types of bacteria that can cause infection include: These types of bacteria grow and thrive in warm and moist conditions, which is why it commonly affects your feet if youre wearing tight socks and shoes with minimal airflow. Stockwell M, et al. Much like hydrogen peroxide, many families will have rubbing alcohol on hand to clean cuts. Understanding the most common signs of a toenail fungal infection can help []. Heres how and why we use our lifestyle to build a world we want to live in. Apply the extract directly to the affected area and massage into the skin two to three times a day. The condition rarely goes away on its own without treatment from your healthcare provider. Both neem oil and neem leaf extracts have incredible antifungal capabilities that can help fight athletes foot. Wash feet at least once a day and dry thoroughly. Soak your feet for 45 to 60 minutes. You should begin antifungal treatments right away if you suspect athletes foot. Athlete's foot known scientifically and medically as tinea pedis is a highly Jane Scott; June 11, 2018; No comments; 15 shares 15. (2002). Add one part warm water and one part Listerine mouthwash until there's enough to submerge your feet. Apply it directly to the affected area or make a foot soak of 70% rubbing alcohol and 30% water and soak feet for 30 minutes daily. Blisters that appear on the sole or instep of your feet may be a symptom of athletes foot. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 06/17/2022. Clean wood cutting boards. Rub your sneakers all over with a clean white cloth, using a circular motion. How Do You Disinfect Shoes From Athletes Foot. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. DOI: Zubko EI, et al. (2002, July 19). Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Like hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol can help kill off the fungus thats on the surface level of the skin. Peroxide can do the job. Typically athletes foot loves a dark moist area like your enclosed shoe gear. People should take care when using tea tree oil because it can be irritating to the skin. While this contagious skin condition can be uncomfortable and unsightly, athletes foot is nothing to be ashamed of. One type of infection that may occur with athletes foot blisters is group A Streptococcus. (2002). To get more information about these cookies and the processing of your personal data, check our Privacy & Cookie Policy. Wash your feet with cold water and pat dry with a towel. Notice skin peeling between your toes? To use these products together, sprinkle baking soda on your sneakers, inside and out. There are possible side effects of taking antibiotics, which could include: Before starting any treatment, talk to your healthcare provider about side effects and discuss the current medications you take to avoid drug interactions. DOI: Daniel Bubnis, M.S., NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS, jprsolutions.info/files/final-file-56893b80b70ba6.47493497.pdf, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768785/, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353841, How to Treat Blisters from Athletes Foot, Try One of These 10 Home Remedies for Toenail Fungus, What Causes Itchy Feet and How to Treat Them, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI.