positive and negative effects of social globalizationclient timeout exceeded while awaiting headers golang
Dreher, A., & Gaston, N. (2008). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. In their recent study, Shahbaz et al. Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2019). In the estimation of long-run coefficients, the CUP-FM estimator was used and this method is based on the following regression, where \({\widehat{\lambda }}_{i}^{^{\prime}}\) refers to the estimated factor loadings and \(\hat{y}_{{i,t}}^{ + } = y_{{i,t}} - \left( {\lambda _{i} ^{\prime } \hat{\Omega }_{{F \in i}} + \hat{\Omega }_{{\mu \in i}} } \right)\hat{\Omega }_{{ \in i}}^{{ - 1}} {{\Delta }}x_{{i,t}}\) indicates the transformation of the dependent variable for endogeneity correction. Another example is Vietnam, where globalization has contributed to an increase in the prices for rice, lifting many poor rice farmers out of poverty. Any change has winners and losers, and the people living in communities that had been dependent on jobs outsourced elsewhere often suffer. The human rights approach focuses on how globalization affected disadvantaged people worldwide (Chapman 2009). As Dreher (2006) mentioned, despite its possible inequality effects, the net effect of globalization on development is mostly positive and our empirical work supports that idea. Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. It is an important instrument in the suppression of the inequality created by economic globalization. The main question of our study is to determine whether the problem of low life expectancy in low-income countries is due to the low levels of globalization and weak political institutions in these countries. International trade, capital flows, migration, technological transfer and cultural exchanges are some of the typical manifestations of this process. Also, the child mortality rate was reduced by 53% and maternal mortality by 43% (WHO 2016). Ali A, & Audi M (2016). Please select which sections you would like to print: Fairbank Professor of Chinese Society and Professor of Anthropology, Harvard University. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Tausch, A. Maximum lag level is determined as 3, while optimum lag level is determined by F joint test from general to particular. Updates? American Economic Review, 96(2), 313318. (2019). We measure individual involvement with global networks and local, national, and global social identity through a questionnaire. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study that investigates the relationship between SDG3 and SDG17. As a result, the positive effects are visible, since global competition leads to products of high quality. Politicians who have never tasted poverty do not have the urge to take action against the problems of the poor at the right time. 4. Localisation opportunities provide direct benefits for developing countries to . However, according to Kabir (2008), people living in an urban area can benefit from improved medical care, easy access to pharmacy, and to the hospitals that use higher technology. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. cultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural expressions around the world. According to the results, globalization significantly reduces child mortality. Determinants of health outcomes in industrialized countries: A pooled, cross-country, time-series analysis. Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Beck, T., Maimbo, S. M., Faye, I., & Triki, T. (2011). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. According to the United Nations (2019), the main indicators of global partnerships are trade, foreign direct investments, remittances, financial integration technology transfers, data monitoring and accountability, internet usage, and political integration among countries. Kabir (2008) analyzed the determinants of life expectancy in 91 developing countries. Compared to theoretical discussions, previous literature provides a lack of empirical evidence. volume23,pages 1350813525 (2021)Cite this article. (2019b). According to results, democracy has a positive and significant effect on life expectancy at birth and it also reduces child mortality. The results we found contradict Tausch (2015)s evidences in 80 of 99 countries. Ulucak, R., & Bilgili, F. (2018). These results are contradictory to positive views on the role of globalization in public health. 2014). World Health Organization. Income distribution and life expectancy: A critical appraisal. A Historical View Globalization is not new. The author suggested the estimation of k using an information criterion as. In low-income countries where people still suffer from having difficulty in meeting basic human needs, increasing per capita income may lead to better nutritional status, easier access to advanced treatment methods and technology. Another group stems from the rise of a transnational workforce. For example, many software engineers and Internet entrepreneurs who live and work in Silicon Valley, California, maintain homes inand strong social ties toIndian states such as Maharashtra and Punjab. This means that companies can offer goods at a lower price to consumers. Buss, P. M. (2002). 2019a). Particularly in empirical work in the context of globalization which refers to economic, political, and cultural integration among countries, considering the cross-sectional dependence becomes more important. The stata journal, 6(4), 482496. You cannot download interactives. Furthermore, GDP per capita and the proportion of white-collar workers reduce premature death for both men and women, while alcohol consumption increases it. According to ARDL estimation results, life expectancy is positively associated with higher levels of globalization. Another study on the Pakistan case proposed by Alam et al. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Therefore, governments' tendency to violate human rights in order to maintain their power becomes lesser. They can also get a better education and can enjoy better socioeconomic conditions. Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha, Honor Oumb Tkam & Alim Belek, Muhamadu Awal Kindzeka Wirajing, Tii N. Nchofoung & Roger Tsafack Nanfosso, Yogi Sugiawan, Robi Kurniawan & Shunsuke Managi, Pilar Gracia-de-Rentera, Hugo Ferrer-Prez, George Philippidis, Environment, Development and Sustainability Health outcome measures of this study are infant mortality and life expectancy. Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, Arif Eser Guzel,Unal Arslan&Ali Acaravci, You can also search for this author in But no significant relationship was found between social globalization, political globalization, and life expectancy. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. For more than 1,500 years, Europeans traded glass and manufactured goods for Chinese silk and spices, contributing to a global economy in which both Europe and Asia became accustomed to goods from far away. 2011). Economic Modelling, 28(3), 795805. In Eq. Competition Competition in the market is largely due to globalization. Raul Prebisch and the origins of the doctrine of unequal exchange. The resulting spread of slavery demonstrates that globalization can hurt people just as easily as it can connect people.The rate of globalization has increased in recent years, a result of rapid advancements in communication and transportation. Their analysis includes annual data from 168 countries covering the period 19602010. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The critical values will be provided using the bootstrap method in order to prevent cross-sectional dependence. Indian-born anthropologist Arjun Appadurai has studied English-speaking professionals who trace their origins to South Asia but who live and work elsewhere. Franco et al. Kabir, M. (2008). This is because globalization enables economies to compete fairly at all levels, hence attracting investors. Health in 2015: from MDGs to SDGs 2015. Policy makers should remove the barriers on globalization, and they should promote participation on international organizations and publicprivate and civil society partnerships. On the other hand, the number of physicians has a positive and significant impact on life expectancy, while malnutrition reduces it. In general, globalization has been shown to increase the standard of living in developing countries, but some analysts warn that globalization can have a negative effect on local or emerging economies and individual workers. The democracy variable (dem) is provided from the Polity IV project dataset (Marshall and Jaggers 2002). The only way to access that knowledge and these drugs are trade and integration between developed and underdeveloped countries. A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Because of the pressure on the government about human rights, disadvantaged people are becoming able to meet their basic human needs. Franco, ., lvarez-Dardet, C., & Ruiz, M. T. (2004). Political and economic stability facilitate globalization as well. By the beginning of the 21st century, institutions such as Cultural Survival were operating on a world scale, drawing attention to indigenous groups who are encouraged to perceive themselves as first peoplesa new global designation emphasizing common experiences of exploitation among indigenous inhabitants of all lands. Many countries have adapted to this process and have enjoyed the welfare effects of globalization by implementing necessary economic and institutional transformation. Health & place, 40, 6675. Globalization describes how different world cultures, populations, and economies are interdependent from each other. 2020). Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. Given that globalisation is here to stay, it is . This study provides several contributions to previous literature. Keywords: Cultural globalization, Economic globalization, Political globalization INTRODUCTION Life expectancy at birth data is provided by World Bank (2019)World Development Indicators. Individuals living in developed countries live a healthier life compared to those living in less developed countries. According to the KOF Globalization Index published by the Swiss Economic Institute (2020), low-income countries have the lowest globalization level compared to other income groups. In general, globalization decreases the cost of manufacturing. According to Freedom Houses list of electoral democracies, the countries without electoral democracy are mostly the low-income countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia (Freedom House 2019). Healthy people have higher opportunities to earn a higher income than unhealthy people. According to Bai and Kao (2006), CUP-FM estimator is robust under cross-sectional dependence. According to the results, the null of homogeneity is accepted at %1 in all models. (2006). Due to the high cost of advanced drugs as in the case of antiretroviral therapy, it should be accepted that people in low-income countries will have trouble accessing the drugs (Buss 2002). There are a few studies that came with the conclusion that globalization rises inequality (Dreher and Gaston 2008; Ha 2012), but Bergh and Nilsson (2010) suggested a different perspective. Barlow and Vissandjee (1999) examined the determinants of life expectancy with cross-sectional data available in 1990 for 77 developed and developing countries. Safaei, J. Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Editor of. By sharpening such identities, these NGOs have globalized the movement to preserve indigenous world cultures. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). On the estimation and inference of a panel cointegration model with cross-sectional dependence In panel data econometrics theoretical contributions and empirical applications. Is globalization really good for public health? In this context, the determination of the variables that will enable the achievement of the goal of a healthier society is especially important in explaining the economic differences between developing countries and developed countries. Fixed effects estimation results reveal a significant negative relationship between public health expenditure and women's premature death. Abingdon: Routledge. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Another linkage can be established through accountability (Besley and Kudamatsu 2006). The garment industry in Bangladesh, for instance, employs an estimated four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. (2019). 2009: 10). This poor performance is in part due to social and political instability and with conflicts between the rights of individuals verses the interest of cultural groups. The result is more jobs in countries where jobs are needed, which can have a positive effect on the national economy and result in a higher standard of living. The null and alternative hypothesis for both test statistics is given below. Sustainable development from millennium 2015 to Sustainable Development Goals 2030. This method is an augmented form of Augmented DickeyFuller (ADF) regression with lagged cross-sectional average and its first difference to deal with cross-sectional dependence (Baltagi, 2008: 249). alleviation). Increased Transport of Goods One of the primary results of globalization is that it opens businesses up to new markets in which they can sell goods and source labor, raw materials, and components. The result is a collection of elite groups whose unifying ideals transcend geographical limitations. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). Such results may also lead to incorrect inferences (Chudik and Pesaran, 2013). Globalization, government ideology, and income inequality in developing countries. Besley, T., & Kudamatsu, M. (2006). This leads to the reallocation of resources to solve the primary problems of the society. The United Nations (2019). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. While globalization and democracy indexes are used as proxy indicators of Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17), life expectancy used a proxy of Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3). With this, it is aimed to examine the existence of contradiction between those SDGs. Therefore, the positive impact of globalization on health first emerged with its positive effects on economic growth (Labont et al. Safaei (2006) also investigated the impact of democracy on life expectancy and adult and child mortality rates with the data of 32 autocratic, 13 incoherent, and 72 democratic countries. 4. The findings obtained from our study show that economic, social, and political integration of countries and democracy accelerate the process of achieving a healthier society. The positive and negative impacts of globalisation on culture are found in global understanding, cultural identity enhancement and loss of uniqueness. The main problem of economics is to increase economic development and social welfare. w10669). (2007). This study presents gender-specific estimates separately for men and women. 2006). In conclusion, no contradiction was found between SDG3 and SDG17 in those countries. They circulate in a social world that has multiple home bases, and they have gained access to a unique network of individuals and opportunities. The impact of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy on life expectancy in low-income countries: are sustainable development goals contradictory?. The results are shown in Table 4. Our results show that a higher level of per capita income is positively associated with higher levels of life expectancy. International Journal of Health Services, 36(4), 767786. (1999). In addition, ignoring the cross-sectional dependence results in inconsistent estimations. At the same time, democratic institutions are not developed. Book Those studies are mostly addressed the relationship between SDG7, SDG8, SDG13, and SDG17 (Zafar et al. According to the results, the globalization index and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization are important instruments to achieve a healthier society. The impact of globalization and financial development on environmental quality: Evidence from selected countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The role of political globalization on this point is forcing governments to adopt global institutions. Latin American Research Review, 15(3), 4572. American Economic Review, 105(5), 100104. The migrant labourers may leave their families and live temporarily in another country, thus disrupting the family and social fabric of their home . Health is one of the most important indicators of social welfare. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Therefore, estimators assume parameter homogeneity are used in our analysis. In this study, the effects of globalization and democracy on life expectancy are empirically investigated in low-income countries. However, some countries still suffer from poor adaption to global markets. Review of International Economics, 15(4), 660682. (2014). Therefore, it is seen that SDG3 and SDG17 targets are compatible with each other. Propensity to cooperate is measured in experiments involving local and global others. Second, although rapidly increasing consumption options and diversity are known as welfare indicators, they also can cause stress which is known as an important determinant of many diseases both psychological and physical (Cutler et al. The dataset is consisting of a weighted average of collected data from several co-founders. The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of globalization. This index has been used in previous literature as a proxy of SDG17 (Saint Akadiri et al. (2004). The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543574. Bergh, A., & Nilsson, T. (2010). The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes used between Europe, North Africa, East Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, and the Far East, is an example of early globalization. She or he will best know the preferred format. The results show that a 1% increase in globalization index increases life expectancy %0.014 and %0.015 according to CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators, respectively. Google Scholar. Effectively, this means that workers in the developed world must compete with lower-cost markets for jobs; unions and workers may be unable to defend against the threat of corporations that offer the alternative between lower pay or losing jobs to a supplier in a less expensive labor market.The situation is more complex in the developing world, where economies are undergoing rapid change.
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